The Abusir Papyri
(Old Kingdom)
|
The
Lahun Papyri (Middle Kingdom)
|
Deir el-Medina
ostraca (New Kingdom)
|
|
Examples have been selected from these four groups to illustrate points raised in the thematic pages for economic history. The summary of all sources below sets the four groups in context.
Place-names
denote find-place or, when in brackets, place where now preserved
1.
accounts manuscripts, being papyri, sometimes leather rolls, and in some periods
large numbers of ostraca (pottery or limestone fragments used for quick and
cheap recording)
3100-2500
none (see 2. below for hieroglyphic sources)
2500-2000
Abusir Papyri; Gebelein Papyri
2000-1850
the four Heqanakht Letters, related accounts; the four Papyri Reisner
1850-1600
the temple accounts (Egyptian Museum,Berlin) and miscellaneous town documents
(Petrie Museum, London) from Lahun; papyrus with two labour registers (Brooklyn
Museum 35.1446); papyrus with accounts of the court of a 13th Dynasty
king (Egyptian Museum, Cairo)
1600-1350
great mathematical manual (Rhind Papyrus, British Museum ESA 10057-8); Dates/Grain
Papyrus (Louvre E 3226); about four hundred ostraca from Deir el-Bahri building
projects; records of palace expenditure and income, and dockyard accounts
(Papyrus Hermitage 1116A-B with British Museum ESA 10056)
1350-1100
thousands of ostraca and papyri from Deir el-Medina; Gurob
Papyri; two ship logs and related letters (Leiden); Asyut papyrus with
cargo accounts (Amiens/British Museum); Middle Egypt land records (Wilbour
Papyrus, Brooklyn Museum)
2.
hieroglyphic sources
3100-2500
in this period only commodity labels and short hieroglyphic inscriptions
2500-2000
longer hieroglyphic inscriptions include first donation and legal inscriptions
2000-1600
longer hieroglyphic inscriptions include detailed record of outgoings and
income at court of king Amenemhat
II for one year (about 1900 BC)
1600-1350
longer hieroglyphic inscriptions include detailed record of military campaigns
and donations of king Thutmose III
(about 1450-1400 BC)
1350-1100
longer hieroglyphic inscriptions include records of campaigns and donations,
and great list of festivals at temple of king Ramesses
III at Medinet Habu, Thebes
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